Note 1 to entry: The pinning force density is given by ${𝑭}_{\text{p}}=-{𝑱}_{\text{c}}\times 𝑩$ , where ${𝑱}_{\text{c}}$ is the critical current density and $𝑩$ is the magnetic flux density.

Note 2 to entry: This entry was numbered 815-12-25 in IEC 60050-815:2015.