M= 10 6 ( n+ h a −1 )=N+ 10 6 h a MathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaagCart1ev2aqatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHXgaruavP1wzZbItLDhis9wBH5garmWu51MyVXgaruWqVvNCPvMCG4uz3bqee0evGueE0jxyaibaieYdi9WrpeeC0lXdi9qqqj=hEeeu0lXdbba9frFj0xb9Lqpepeea0xd9s8qiYRWxGi6xij=hbba9q8aq0=yq=He9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0db8meaabaGacmGadiWaaiWabiabciaafiaakeaacaWGnbGaeyypa0JaaeymaiaabcdadaahaaWcbeqaaiaabAdaaaGcdaqadaqaaiaad6gacqGHRaWkdaWcaaqaaiaadIgaaeaacaWGHbaaaiabgkHiTiaabgdaaiaawIcacaGLPaaacqGH9aqpcaWGobGaey4kaSIaaeymaiaabcdadaahaaWcbeqaaiaabAdaaaGcdaWcaaqaaiaadIgaaeaacaWGHbaaaaaa@4B97@
where n is the refractive index, N is the refractivity, h is the altitude, a is the radius of the Earth